Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)
Meta-analysis of results of the Strange Situation in different countries.
Findings (data):
Cultural group
|
No. of studies
|
No. of mother-infant pairs
|
% Attachment Type
| ||
Insecure-Avoidant
|
Secure
|
Insecure- Resistant
| |||
3
|
136
|
35
|
57
|
8
| |
1
|
72
|
22
|
75
|
3
| |
4
|
251
|
26
|
67
|
6
| |
1
|
51
|
22
|
75
|
4
| |
2
|
118
|
7
|
64
|
29
| |
2
|
96
|
5
|
68
|
27
| |
1
|
25
|
25
|
60
|
25
| |
18
|
1230
|
21
|
65
|
14
| |
TOTAL
|
32
|
1990
| |||
1. Describe two cross-cultural differences evident in the above table.
2. Read the following criticisms. Sort them into positive and negative.
- There are ethical issues in the Strange Situation anyway, because it stresses the children. However, when used cross-culturally there are even more ethical issues because children in some cultures will be much more highly stressed than the Western children for whom the technique was originally developed, e.g. Japanese children who never normally leave their mothers, and Israeli children who never normally meet strangers.
- Some of the samples were very small. For instance, only one study in the
UK ,Sweden andChina - As the studies were based on the Strange Situation technique, so long as the different researchers carried out the technique exactly as it was first designed they should all have controlled variables etc. in the same way, meaning that the different researchers’ findings could be compared.
- It was not a truly cross-cultural study, because although many countries were studied, they were mostly Individualistic cultures. Hardly any research was done on Collectivist cultures. This means the aim of the study was not achieved.
3. Use all of the above information to answer this essay question:
Outline and evaluate research into cross-cultural variations in attachment (12 marks)
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